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Technology of Participation, ToP Methods
(See RESOURCES page for contact information)
Description and Application. This process uses group facilitation methods that are adaptable and appropriate for any setting and geared toward motivating participants to action. They were developed by a nonprofit organization, the Institute of Cultural Affairs (ICA) and have been used successfully worldwide in third world countries, government agencies, corporations, and non-profit organizations for over 30 years. They can be employed to analyze current situations and trends, help groups talk through touchy issues and clarify the diverse perspectives within groups. Their application in the classroom provides an energizing framework for project-based, experiential student learning. These processes are ideal for use throughout the sustainability education process:
initial class survey of arenas for potential community projects
(water quality, vegetation, human impacts, etc.).
identification of the various issues within a chosen area of study
brainstorming suggestions for possible community leaders to assist with the project
assessment of gathered information
refinement of the original project plan
decisions on the steps needed to address the issues or solve the problem
Underlying Assumptions. The Technology of Participation methods are based upon research in group dynamics, organizational development, and how learning takes place, as well as over 30 years of in-field use and refinement. The methods are based upon the following assumptions that resulted from this underlying knowledge.
We need to share the vision in order to have participation of the group and achieve commitment
The knowledge and perspective of all members of a group are essential pieces needed for solution of the puzzle or issue facing the group
Participants in the planning will become more motivated and more likely to follow through with action
Basic Methods
The Discussion Method. This is a structure for effective communication that allows everyone to participate and stimulates feedback by promoting dialogue in a non-threatening manner. This method:
Is synergistic, in that the process stimulates participants to play upon each other's ideas in a creative fashion.
Broadens perspective and deepens insight by gathering all available information which leads to well-thought-out decisions.
Puts responsibility on groups as a whole by requiring participation of all present and leading to group decisions.
The Workshop Method. This process uses team collaboration for data and ideas, and organizing this information into meaningful categories, leading to group consensus, resolution, and product. The method:
Generates creativity by incorporating rational and intuitive approach to problem solving
Channels input by integrating diverse ideas
Generates purposeful vision
Develops solutions by weaving collective individual wisdom into a practical plan
Action Planning. This process recycles the previous two steps and takes good ideas and generates action by clarifying direction, evaluating current situations, and aligning resources with tasks. It is a practical process that moves groups from the beginning brainstorming process to high levels of commitment.
Maximizes involvement by using task forces/teams and designated leadership roles
Visualizes success by asking what it will look like
Teaches process for successful launch of a project
Develops time lines for big picture continuity
Enhances accountability by determining implementation actions
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